Previous Colloquium
International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Marine Turbulence Re3-visited
22nd – 26th May 2017
Place of the Conference:
University of Liège - Place du XX Août, 7 - 4000 Liège Belgium
Terms of reference
Almost four decades after the « Marine Turbulence » 11th Liège Colloquium in 1980, three decades after the 19th Liège Colloquium in 1987 entitled « Turbulence in the ocean. From the millimeter to the megameter », two decades after the « Marine Turbulence Revisited » 29th Liège Colloquium in 1997, one decade after the 39th Liège Colloquium on “Turbulence Re-revisited” in 2007, the exciting topic of Marine Turbulence will be revisited for the 3rd time during “Marine Turbulence Re3-visited” as the 49th Liège Colloquium in 2017. As already in 2007, the workshop will be co-organised together with the Warnemünde Turbulence Days (its 8th edition), a biennial workshop on specific challenges in marine turbulence, organised by the Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research in Warnemünde (Germany). From decade to decade enormous progress is achieved in our understanding of marine turbulence. A major trigger of this progress is the technological development of oceanic instrumentation, numerical modeling and theory. For the instruments, higher sampling rates, larger data storages and faster data processing facilities generally allow for better resolution but do also open perspectives for novel mechanical, acoustical and optical devices. For the numerical modeling, steadily growing computer resources allow for substantially more complex models and higher resolution than a decade ago. The theory of marine turbulence has further developed towards concepts linking small-scale turbulence, internal waves, surface waves, and (sub)meso-scale dynamics. Tight collaboration between marine and atmospheric scientists in all these fields has substantially triggered progress in the field of geophysical turbulence.
Combining the historically broad approach of the Liège Colloquium with the specialized Warnemünde Turbulence Days, this joint venture will concentrate on five focal topics (see below): turbulence-wave-interaction, turbulence-(sub)mesoscale interaction, turbulence and the marine ecosystem, turbulence observations in the ocean, and turbulence modelling in the ocean. Contributions to these focal topics as well as to related problems of marine turbulence are invited to the Liège Colloquium in 2017.
Topics of the Liège 2017 Colloquium on Turbulence Re-Revisited:
- Topic 1: Turbulence observations in the ocean or in the lab – Invited speaker: Bill Smyth
- Topic 2: Modeling of Ocean Turbulence – Invited speaker: Alberto Scotti
- Topic 3: Interaction of turbulence with internal gravity waves and balanced flow – Invited speakers: Jacques Vanneste, Dirk Olbers
- Topic 4: Turbulence in the surface and bottom boundary layers – Invited speaker: Leif Thomas
- Topic 5: Turbulence and the marine ecosystem – Invited speaker: Peter Franks
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Submesoscale Processes: Mechanisms, Implications and new Frontiers
23rd – 27th May 2016
Place of the Conference:
University of Liège - Place du XX Août, 7 - 4000 Liège Belgium
Terms of reference
A rich tapestry of oceanic processes is manifest at scales O(0.1-10 km), small enough for the constraints of the earth’s rotation and oceanic stratification to be overcome, but larger than that of three-dimensional turbulence. Rossby and Richardson numbers of O(1) lead to a range of dynamical instabilities that respond to surface forcing and boundary stresses, and interact with the mesoscale flow field, upper ocean turbulence, and near-inertial waves. These dynamics result in enhanced vertical velocities and mixing, as well as stratification, on time scales that range from a few days to the inertial period and intersect with the time scales of internal waves and tides.
Their diagnoses is facilitated through advances in high-resolution autonomous, in-situ and remotely sensed observations, modeling, and theoretical advances. Their implications are wide-ranging and include the transfer of energy across scales, lateral mixing and transport, restructuring of the upper ocean’s density and stratification, modulation of air-sea, ice-ocean, ocean-bathymetric interactions, the exchange of biogeochemical properties across the mixed layer base, vertical supply of nutrients for primary production, modulation of light exposure and growth rates for phytoplankton, subduction of surface water, and export of particulate organic carbon and oxygen from the surface mixed layer. The similarity of physical and biological time scales of phytoplankton growth heightens the relevance of submesoscale processes for the production and export of phytoplankton, and the structuring and diversity of oceanic ecosystems.
This colloquium aims to advance our collective understanding of submesoscale processes, their mechanistic functioning, relevance, and implications across a range of oceanic disciplines. Discussions will include observational, modeling and theoretical approaches for elucidating submesoscale phenomena. From this colloquium, its oral/poster presentations and scientific interactions, will emerge new cross-cutting themes for future research.
Topics that will be addressed include:
- Dynamics of frontal and mixed-layer instabilities (forced and unforced) and their implications.
- Impact of winds and surface forcing on the mixed layer and submesoscale instabilities.
- Surface boundary layer turbulence and submesoscale instabilities, large-eddy simulation and observations of surface waves, Langmuir circulations. Their implications for air-sea coupling.
- Surface signatures of submesoscale dynamics from remotely sensed surface topography, roughness, and ocean color.
- Mesoscale-submesoscale interactions, energy cascades, impact of submesoscales on larger/smaller scales.
- Physical-biological interactions — implications for biogeochemistry, productivity, export, ecosystem structure and diversity.
- Freshwater in the oceans — implications of submesoscale processes for sea ice, river plumes and freshwater dispersal.
- Coastal submesoscale dynamics — interaction with topography and the bottom boundary.
- Wave-front/eddy interactions Interaction of internal waves and submesoscale fronts/ eddies.
- Modelling issues related to multi-scale and multi-physics nature of the processes and in particular model nesting, unstructured grids and developments of new discretization schemes.
Sponsors
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO
- SOCIB
- Région Wallonne
- University of Liège
- ESA
- CNES
- NASA
- FNRS
- IUGG
- EUMETSAT
- SCOR
- Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service
Marine Environmental Monitoring, Modelling and Prediction
4th – 8th May 2015
Place of the Conference:
University of Liège - Place du XX Août, 7 - 4000 Liège Belgium
Terms of reference
Ocean modelling has become a standard tool for management of ocean resources during the last decade. Observational networks are operating on a routine basis and numerical models are assimilating data for specific purposes. Though used routinely, monitoring, modelling and data assimilation still pose a series of open scientific questions that should be addressed in order to improve the products of those modelling, monitoring and prediction systems.
The aim of the colloquium is to bring together scientists in order to identify the most critical scientific improvements to be brought to these modelling and monitoring systems for marine environmental predictions and assessments. The colloquium will give the community an opportunity to express scientific needs and priorities based on experience from years of ocean observations and forecasting. Among the topics which should be covered by the presentations are the following:
- Monitoring and data related problems including, cost/benefit analyses of observation networks (data impact studies), definition for optimal spatial and temporal coverage, quality check of data, optimisation of observational systems, integration of multidisciplinary observations, strategies for data storage and reanalyses, new low cost observing techniques, data mining and big data problems.
- Modelling and prediction aspects including error assessments, understanding and correction of biases, model error modeling, intercomparison strategies, specific adaptations for coastal zones vs. open ocean monitoring and modelling systems, incorporation of bio-geochemical and ecosystem modelling, coupling with atmospheric models, ice cover models, multi-model approaches and next generation models (e.g. finite volumes, adaptive grids).
- Data Assimilation aspects including development of new assimilation techniques, incorporation of coastal data into open ocean models or global systems, up and downscaling problems, and qualitative and quantitative assessments of ocean analysis, assimilation challenges related to bio-geochemical and ecosystem models and dealing with non-gaussian distributions
- Demonstrations of operational products and downstream applications (e.g. pollution management, climate predictions) are also welcome as well as presentations of existing operational systems and their defined needs for scientific development.
Sponsors
Low oxygen environments in marine, estuarine and fresh waters
5th – 9th May 2014
Place of the Conference:
University of Liège - Place du XX Août, 7 - 4000 Liège Belgium
Terms of reference
Low oxygen conditions have already been reported for various aquatic systems, from lakes, estuaries and coastal areas to off-shore regions of the World Ocean, where water ventilation is not able to renew the oxygen consumed by degradation of organic matter.
In the coastal ocean, dead zones have spread exponentially since the 1960s and have been reported for more than 400 systems (e.g. Baltic, Black, Kattegat Sea, Gulf of Mexico, East China Sea) with 39 % of them along the coast of Europe. In shallow areas, where the bottom is occupied by ecologically and economically valuable benthic communities, hypoxic/anoxic conditions may lead to and have already resulted in catastrophic losses.
Eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUSs) are characterized by high biological activity and heterotrophy that, in combination with weak ventilation, results in oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) in sub-surface waters. Suboxic waters extend from shallow depths over several hundred meters of the water column and support major perturbation of marine biogeochemical cycles. Furthermore the OMZs play a critical role on atmospheric chemistry through emission of climate reactive trace gases. These regions are also the siege of complex air-sea-land interactions that the current generation global models cannot properly resolve, which has put a stringent limitation on our predictive capabilities at a wide range of timescales.
Inland waters are hotspots of biogeochemical cycling in the terrestrial biosphere. Holomictic lakes usually present seasonally bottom anoxic waters while meromictic lakes are among the systems having a permanently anoxic deep waters, in which anaerobic processes generate reduced compounds (CH4, H2S, NH4+…). The seasonal or permanent oxic-anoxic interface presents a redox gradient, in which various biogeochemical processes take place (some unique), mediated by a diverse community of microorganisms.
In the coming decades and centuries, it is foreseen that deoxygenation will increasingly stress aquatic ecosystems in a way that is currently ignored on the global scale, but admitted as only local problems. The expansion of O2 minimum zones and resulting biogeochemical and ecological changes will make impossible the Good Environmental Status of marine and freshwater ecosystems, as well as their functioning and ability to underpin the delivery of services. These themes are in the focus of several international initiatives (SOLAS, IMBER, GEOTRACES, CLIVAR, etc.) and projects (PERSEUS, HYPOX, EMODNET, etc.).
The 46th Liege colloquium will investigate new developments and insights related to the critical problem of ocean deoxygenation, low oxygen zones in marine and freshwater systems. More specifically, the following topics will be considered:
- Oxygen time series and instrumental developments: How to optimize the spatial and temporal coverage of oxygen survey, through which autonomous in situ sensors and platforms? How to refine our estimations of the different terms in the oxygen budget: benthic oxygen demand, surface fluxes, photosynthesis/respiration balance? Which sensors for detecting nanomolar levels of oxygen? Could an early monitoring allow reacting and adapting management strategies when a year of strong hypoxia is foreseen?
- Deoxygenation in various systems: Inland aquatic systems (lakes and ponds, fjords and bays, rivers and estuaries, inland seas, etc.), coastal and off-shore marine systems (OMZs in EBUSs, marine shelves, open marine systems and oceans). What are the differences and similarities between these systems, which drivers are important and what consequences are observed/expected on different spatio-temporal scales?
- Deoxygenation, marine resources and structure of the foodweb: sensitivity, resistance, resilience and recovery of marine resources (e.g. benthic organisms, fishes), what are the important factors (e.g. duration and frequency of the hypoxic event, stage of development of the organism)?
Adaptation of biocenoeses to low oxygen levels (difference between communities exposed to permanent hypoxic areas over many millennia with those recently exposed), modification of the traits of the community in regions recently affected by hypoxia, how to define an index of hypoxia severity that quantifies its impacts on the living organisms and ecosystem services? By removing some components of the trophic web and modifying the cycling of essential elements oxygen deficiency may change the structure of the foodweb. - Deoxygenation and biogeochemical cycles. Oxygen availability impacts on biogeochemical cycles both directly and indirectly. In oxygen deficient waters, the degradation of organic matter requires the use of alternate final electron acceptors (e.g. NO3, MnO2, Fe(OH)3, SO4, CO2) changing the balance of chemical elements (e.g. N, C, P). Microbial communities can form consortia that lead to the coupling of several processes and elements such as anaerobic CH4 oxidation that can be coupled to sulfate-reduction, iron-reduction, denitrification. Also oxygen deficiency alters the cycling of major chemical elements by, for instance, controlling the loss of fixed N via denitrification and anammox in the water column and the sediments, and causing the remobilization of P bound to iron oxides in the sediments. In addition, as it affects the living communities in general deoxygenation may change the ability of the system to sequestrate carbon dioxide with eventual links to the acidification dynamics. Finally, Oxygen Minimum zones are key regions in the climatic gas budgets such as CO2, N2O, CH4, DMS, halogenated compounds impacting on climate variability.
- Meromictic systems, oxic-anoxic interfaces, and microorganisms: In meromictic environments, C, N and S cycles may be strongly coupled, due to different microbial activities, involving archaea and bacteria. The varying nature of the processes taking place raises many questions, such as which denitrification process prevail and why, which is the contribution of autotrophic microorganisms such as methanotrophs and nitrifiers to organic carbon production and ecosystem productivity, etc. The Baltic and Black Seas, and deep tropical lakes (L. Tanganyika, L. Kivu), and reservoirs are water bodies in which these microbial processes driving biogeochemical cycles are being studied.
- The development of models able to identify and disentangle the mechanisms (physical versus biogeochemical), drivers (climate versus land use impact), spatial and temporal variability (from the coastal to the deep ocean) of ocean deoxygenation. Which tools can be used to provide recommendations to local environmental authorities in relation to management strategies of river discharges for controlling the level of bottom hypoxia? Which strategies can be developed to value information provided by the large scale models (IPCC class)?
- Paleoproxies of hypoxia (e.g. foraminifera, ostracods, sediment texture, chemical and mineral composition): Which (paleo)-proxies (biological, mineralogical, chemical) can be used to reconstruct the long term history of hypoxia and to establish pre-impacted baselines? The evolution of hypoxia in the coastal ocean can be inferred from microfossils, biomarkers and the chemical and mineralogical composition of bottom sediments. However, accurate quantitative proxies for palaeo-oxygenation remain elusive and distinguishing the effects of hypoxia from those of eutrophication without DO-depletion poses a considerable challenge. Among the biomarkers; pigments from anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, preserved in sediments, are excellent indicators of anoxic conditions in the past.
- Deoxygenation in a global change context: impacts of natural variation, global change and land use on oxygen depletion. In the future, the temperature rise will tend to increase hypoxia by enhancing the metabolism of organisms, reducing the oxygen solubility in the water column and reducing the ventilation by increasing the stratification. As most of the effects of climate change on the local scales are as most of the effects of climate change on the local scales are not well understood, strongly adaptive management strategies of the river discharges are required to restrain the damages of hypoxia on the ecosystems.
Sponsors
- Région Wallonne
- Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique – FNRS
- University of Liège
- Belspo
- EUR-OCEANS
- LOICZ
- OCB
- YSI
- AANDERAA
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO
- SCOR
- SRI
Primary production in the Ocean: from the synoptic to the global scale
13th – 17th May 2013
Place of the Conference:
University of Liège - Place du XX Août, 7 - 4000 Liège Belgium
Terms of reference
Oceanic primary production is a key component of the marine carbon, oxygen and nutrient cycles as well as the base of the marine food web. Over the past two decades, substantial efforts were deployed to evaluate oceanic primary production. These efforts include in situ measurements of uptake rates using isotopic trace techniques, satellite remote sensing, autonomous instrumentation for bio-optics, carbon or oxygen measurements, and the development of semi-empirical to complex biogeochemical models.
The 45th International Liege Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics will investigate new insights related to the evaluation of primary production and the study of the dynamics between physical forcing and ocean productivity responses at various physical and temporal scales. Particular attention will be focused on the variability at the synoptic to seasonal scales and how it complicates our ability to sample primary production and derive large-scale, climate-driven primary production budgets.
More specifically, the following topics will be covered:
- Importance of physical factors, such as transport and mixing, controlling light limitation and nutrient supply
- Primary production spatial variability: from the sub-mesoscale to the global scale
- Primary production temporal variability: from season to century-scale
- Progress in in-situ evaluation, resolution of in-situ data
- Progress in primary production retrieval from space (e.g. algorithms dealing with Case II waters and PFT distribution)
- Fate of primary produced material
- Ocean PP variability: bottom up versus top down control (e.g. role of viruses, grazing, scavenging)
- Progress in biogeochemical models in relation to phytoplankton physiology, the representation of variable stoichiometric ratios, the role of mixotrophy.
- Biodiversity of primary producers as addressed by in-situ measurements, satellite data and biogeochemical models
- interoperability of in-situ, satellite and modelling estimates of primary production
- Primary production in polar regions and sea-ice, coastal versus deep ocean processes,
- Impact of benthic Habitat (e.g. seagrass coral) on primary production and importance of benthic diagenetic processes on pelagic primary production.
Thematic sessions and Keynote talks:
- Opening Keynote talk by John Marra
- Primary Production in the Arctic Ocean (convener: Marcel Babin, Keynote: Eddy Carmack)
- Primary Production in the Antarctic Ocean (convener: Pedro Monteiro, Keynote: Mchael Bender)
- Primary Production in sea-Ice (convener: David Thomas, Keynote CJ Mundy)
- Phytoplankton Functional Types (convener: Shubha Sathyendranath, Keynote : Mike Follows)
- Benthic- pelagic coupling (conveners: M. Vichi, P. Régnier: Keynote: Sandra Arndt)
- Primary production variability and coastal-offshore export in upwelling regions (IMBER session, convener Javier Arístegui: Keynote: Francisco Chavez)
- Impact of meso/submesoscale on Primary Production (convener: Marina Lévy, Keynote: Amala Mahadevan)
- Modelling (convenor: Marilaure Grégoire)
- Field estimates of Primary Production (convener, John Marra, Keynote: Emilio Marañòn)
- Satellite (convenor: Gavin Tilstone)
Sponsors
- Région Wallonne
- Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique – FNRS
- Belspo
- University of Liège
- Moore
- CNES
- CNRS
- EGU
- NASA
Remote sensing of colour, temperature and salinity – new challenges and opportunities
7th – 11th May 2012
Place of the Conference:
University of Liège, Sart Tilman Campus, Petits Amphis, B7b, 202, 4000 Liège
Terms of reference
Remote sensing has become an essential tool in oceanography. The development of new sensors and algorithms has extended the application of ocean remote sensing to new research domains, and new data analysis techniques are allowing to improve the quality of the data sets used for oceanographic and climatic research. Variables like sea surface temperature or those derived from the ocean colour have already shown their relevance to climate change studies. The use of satellite-derived salinity, as a fairly new data set, is an exciting opportunity to improve our knowledge of the ocean dynamics and interaction with the atmosphere.
There are also many open research questions that need to be addressed, or that are being actively addressed by the scientific community, and that are of particular interest for the 2012 Liège Colloquium: International efforts are aimed to quantify and correct biases between different sensors, which is needed for assessing long-term trends and their effect on the climate. The development and improvement of techniques to merge data from different platforms and create homogeneous time series is also needed. New challenges appear with the regionalisation of algorithms and their adaptation to coastal and closed domains. Uncertainty estimation needs to be assessed, and the retrieval algorithms need to be improved as we increase our knowledge of the ocean. The use of geostationary satellites allows for an estimation of the processes occurring at sub-diurnal scales, and specific algorithms for this type of platform may provide new opportunities, particularly for ocean colour.
The 2012 Liège Colloquium will be devoted to the latests developments in the research fields of salinity, temperature and ocean colour remote sensing. Open scientific questions and new research directions are of particular interest.
Sponsors
2011: The 43rd Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamic
Traces and Tracers: Tracers of physical and biogeochemical processes, past changes and ongoing anthropogenic impact
2 to 6 May 2011
2010: The 42nd Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamic
Multiparametric observation and analysis of the Sea
26 to 30 April 2010
2009: The 41st Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamic
Science-based management of the coastal waters
4 to 8 May 2009
2008: The 40th Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamic and NATO-RUSSIA ADVANCED RESEARCH WORKSHOP
Influence of Climate Change on the changing Arctic and SubArctic Conditions
5 to 10 May 2008
2007: 39th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics And 3rd Warnemünde Turbulence Days
Turbulence Re-revisited
7 to 11 May 2007
2006: 38th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Revisiting the role of zooplankton in pelagic ecosystems
8 to 12 May 2006
2005: 37th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Gas transfer at water surfaces
2 to 6 May 2005
2004: 36th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Marine environmental monitoring and prediction
3 to 7 May 2004
2003: 35th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics and NATO Advanced Research Workshop
Dying and Dead Seas
5 to 10 May 2003
2002: 34th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Tracer Methods in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
6 to 10 May 2002
2001: 33rd International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
The use of data assimilation in coupled hydrodynamic, ecological an bio-geo-chemical models of the ocean
7 to 11 May 2001
2000: 32nd International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Exchange processes at the ocean margins
8 to 12 May 2000
1999: 31st International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Three-dimensional ocean circulation: Lagrangian measurements and diagnostic analyses
3 to 7 May 1999
1998: 30th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Hydrodynamical and ecosystem processes in ice-covered seas of the Southern and Northern Hémisphères
4 to 8 May 1998
1997: 29th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Marine turbulence revisited
5 to 9 May 1997
1996: 28th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Modelling hydrodynamically dominated marine ecosystems
6 to 10 May 1996
1995: 27th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Processes in regions of freshwater influence
1994: 26th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
The Coastal Ocean in a Global Change Perspective
1993: 25th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Data Assimilation in Marine Science
1992: 24th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Sub-mesoscale air-sea interactions
1991: 23rd International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Modelling the interaction of the deep-ocean and the shelf and coastal seas
1990: 22nd International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Ice covered seas and ice edges: physical, chemical and biological processes and interactions
1989: 21st International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Coupled ocean-atmosphere models
1988: 20th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Mesoscale/Synoptic Coherent Structures in Geophysical Turbulence
1987: 19th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Small-Scale Turbulence and Mixing in the Ocean
1986: 18th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Three-dimensional models of marine and estuarine dynamics
1985: 17th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Marine interfaces ecohydrodynamics
1984: 16th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Coupled ocean-atmosphere models
1983: 15th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Remote Sensing of Shelf Sea Hydrodynamics
1982: 14th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Hydrodynamics of The Equatorial Ocean
1981: 13th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Hydrodynamics of Semi-Enclosed Seas
1980: 12th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Ecohydrodynamics
1979: 11th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Marine Turbulence
1978: 10th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Marine Forecasting: Predictability and Modelling in Ocean Hydrodynamics
1977: 9th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Hydrodynamics of Estuaries and Fjords
1976: 8th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Bottom Turbulence
1975: 7th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Continental shelf dynamics
1974: 6th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Hydrodynamics
1973: 5th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Hydrodynamics
1972: 4th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Hydrodynamics
No topic but from contents: Turbulence, mixing and internal waves
1971: 3rd International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Hydrodynamics
Hydrodynamical and biochemical state variables and evolution equations for the mathematical modelling of sea pollution
1970: 2nd International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Hydrodynamics
Small Scale Processes in the Deep Ocean
1969: 1st International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Hydrodynamics
Les équations hydrodynamiques applicables à l’océan
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